Preheat the oven: Heat to 375°F (190°C).
Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish unless you’re using an oven-safe skillet.
Brown the beef: Warm 1 tablespoon oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add ground beef and cook, breaking it up, until browned and no longer pink, about 6–8 minutes. Drain excess fat if needed.
Sauté the aromatics: Push the beef to the side, add the remaining oil, then add onion and bell pepper.
Cook until softened, 4–5 minutes. Stir in garlic and cook 30 seconds until fragrant.
Season it up: Sprinkle in chili powder, cumin, smoked paprika, oregano, salt, and black pepper. Stir to coat the beef and vegetables, toasting the spices for 30–60 seconds.
Add the mix-ins: Stir in black beans, corn, diced tomatoes with juices, green chiles, and salsa.
Simmer 3–4 minutes to bring everything together. Taste and adjust salt or heat.
Layer the base: Spread the cooked rice or crushed tortilla chips in an even layer in the baking dish. Spoon the beef and bean mixture over the top and smooth it out.
Add cheese: Sprinkle evenly with shredded cheese.
For extra color later, reserve a small handful to add in the final minutes of baking.
Bake: Place in the oven and bake for 18–22 minutes, until the edges bubble and the cheese is melted. If you like a golden top, broil for 1–2 minutes at the end, watching closely.
Rest and top: Let the casserole rest for 5–10 minutes to set. Add fresh toppings like cilantro, green onions, avocado, a squeeze of lime, and a dollop of sour cream.
Serve: Scoop into bowls and enjoy as is, or serve with warm tortillas or a side salad.