Preheat and prep: Heat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners or grease lightly.
Mix dry ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, and black pepper.
Combine wet ingredients: In a separate bowl or large measuring cup, whisk eggs, yogurt, oil, and vanilla until smooth.
Bring it together: Pour the wet ingredients into the dry. Use a spatula to fold just until no dry streaks remain. Do not overmix.
A few small lumps are fine.
Add mix-ins: If using nuts, chocolate chips, or apples, fold them in gently.
Fill the cups: Divide the batter evenly among the muffin cups, filling each about 3/4 full. Sprinkle the cinnamon-sugar topping if using.
Start hot, then lower: Bake at 400°F (200°C) for 5 minutes. Without opening the oven, reduce the temperature to 350°F (175°C) and bake 12–15 more minutes, until the tops are set and a toothpick comes out clean or with a few moist crumbs.
Cool correctly: Let muffins rest in the pan for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool.
Enjoy warm or at room temperature.